It is not permissible for a man who believes in Allaah and His
Messenger to put his hand in the hand of a women who is not permissible
for him or who is not one of his mahrams. Whoever does that has wronged
himself (i.e., sinned).
It was narrated that Ma’qil ibn Yassaar said: the Messenger of Allaah
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “For one of you to be
stabbed in the head with an iron needle is better for him than that he
should touch a woman who is not permissible for him.”
Narrated by al-Tabaraani in al-Kabeer, 486. Shaykh al-Albaani said in Saheeh al-Jaami’, 5045, that this hadeeth is saheeh.
This hadeeth alone is sufficient to deter and to instill the
obedience required of us by Allaah, because it implies that touching
women may lead to temptation and immorality.
It was narrated that ‘Aa’ishah the wife of the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “When the believing women
migrated to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be
upon him), they would be tested in accordance with the words of Allaah
(interpretation of the meaning):
‘O Prophet! When believing women come to you to give you the Bay‘ah
(pledge), that they will not associate anything in worship with Allaah,
that they will not steal, that they will not commit illegal sexual
intercourse’
[al-Mumtahanah 60:12]
‘Aa’ishah said: Whoever among the believing women agreed to that had
passed the test, and when the women agreed to that, the Messenger of
Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said to them: “Go,
for you have given your oath of allegiance.’ No, by Allaah, the hand of
the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)
never touched the hand of any woman, rather they would give their oath
of allegiance with words only.” And ‘Aa’ishah said: “By Allaah, the
Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) only
took the oath of allegiance from the women in the manner prescribed by
Allaah, and the hand of the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him) never touched the hand of any woman. When he had
taken their oath of allegiance he would say, ‘I have accepted your oath
of allegiance verbally.’”
(narrated by Muslim, 1866)
It was narrated from ‘Urwah that ‘Aa’ishah told him about the women’s
oath of allegiance: “The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him) never touched any woman with his hand. He would
explain to the woman what the oath of allegiance implied, and when she
accepted, he would say ‘Go, for you have given your oath of
allegiance.’”
Narrated by Muslim, 1866
This infallible one, the best of mankind, the leader of the sons of
Adam on the Day of Resurrection, did not touch women. This is despite
the fact that the oath of allegiance was originally given by hand. So
how about men other than the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be
upon him)?
It was narrated that Umaymah the daughter of Raqeeqah said: The
Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said, “I
do not shake hands with women.”
Narrated by al-Nasaa’i (4181) and Ibn Maajah, 2874; classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Jaami’, 2513.
Secondly:
It is not permissible to shake hands even with a barrier in between,
such as shaking hands from beneath a garment and the like. The hadeeth
that was narrated allowing that is da’eef (weak).
It was narrated from Ma’qal ibn Yassaar that the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) used to shake hands with women from
beneath a garment.”
Narrated by al-Tabaraani in al-Awsat, 2855.
Al-Haythami said:
This was narrated by al-Tabaraani in al-Kabeer and al-Awsat. Its isnaad includes ‘Ataab ibn Harb, who is da’eef (weak).
Majma’ al-Zawaa’id, 6/39.
Wali al-Deen al-‘Iraaqi said:
The words of ‘Aa’ishah, “He used to accept the women’s oath of
allegiance by words only” mean that he did so without taking their hands
or shaking hands with them. This indicates that the bay’ah of men was
accepted by taking their hands and shaking hands with them, as well as
by words, and this is how it was. What ‘Aa’ishah mentioned was the
custom.
Some of the mufassireen mentioned that the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) called for a vessel of water and dipped
his hand in it, then the women dipped their hands in it. And some of
them said that he did not shake hands with them from behind a barrier
and had a Qatari cloak over his hand. And it was said that ‘Umar (may
Allaah be pleased with him) shook hands with them on his behalf. None of
these reports are sound, especially the last one, How could ‘Umar (may
Allaah be pleased with him) have done something that the Prophet (peace
and blessings of Allaah be upon him), who was ma’soom (infallible),
would not do?
Tarh al-Tathreeb, 7/45
Shaykh Ibn Baaz (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
The most correct view is that this (i.e., shaking hands with women
from behind a barrier) is not allowed at all, because of the general
meaning of the hadeeth, according to which the Prophet (peace and
blessings of Allaah be upon him) said, “I do not shake hands with
women;” and so as to ward off the means that may lead to evil.
(Adapted from Hashiyat Majmoo’at Rasaa’il fi’l-Hijaab wa’l-Sufoor, p. 69)
The same ruling applies to shaking hands with old women; this is also
haraam because of the general meaning of the texts on this issue. The
reports that say it is permissible are da’eef (weak).
Al-Zayla’i said:
“As for the report that ‘Abu Bakr used to shake hands with old women, it is also ghareeb.”
(Nasab al-Raayah, 4/240)
Ibn Hajar said:
I cannot find this hadeeth.
(al-Diraayah fi Takhreej Ahaadeeth al-Hidaayah, 2/225)
Fourthly:
With regard to the views of the four imams, they are as follows:
1 – The Hanafi madhhab:
Ibn Nujaym said:
It is not permissible for a man to touch a woman’s face or hands even
if there is no risk of desire because it is haraam in principle and
there is no necessity that would allow it.
Al-Bahr al-Raa’iq, 8/219
2 – The Maaliki madhhab:
Muhammad ibn Ahmad (‘Ulaysh) said:
It is not permissible for a man to touch the face or hand of a
non-mahram woman, and it is not permissible for him to put his hand on
hers without a barrier. ‘Aa’ishah (may Allaah be pleased with her) said:
“The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) never accepted
a woman’s oath of allegiance by shaking hands with her; rather he
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) used to accept their oath of
allegiance by words only.” According to another report, “His hand never
touched the hand of a woman, rather he would accept their oath of
allegiance by words only.”
(Manh al-Jaleel Sharh Mukhtasar Khaleel, 1/223)
3 – The Shaafa’i madhhab:
Al-Nawawi said:
It is not permissible to touch a woman in any way.
Al-Majmoo’, 4/515.
Wali al-Deen al-‘Iraaqi said:
This indicates that the hand of the Prophet (peace and blessings of
Allaah be upon him) did not touch the hand of any woman apart from his
wives and concubines, whether in the case of accepting the oath of
allegiance or in other cases. If he did not do that despite the fact
that he was infallible and beyond suspicion, then it is even more
essential that others heed this prohibition. It appears from the texts
that he refrained from doing that because it was haraam for him to do
so. The fuqaha’ among our companions and others said that it is haraam
to touch a non-mahram woman even if that is not touching parts of her
body that are not ‘awrah, such as her face. But they differed with
regard to looking when there is no desire and no fear of fitnah. The
prohibition on touching is stronger than the prohibition on looking, and
it is haraam when there is no necessity that would allow it. If it is
the case of necessity, e.g. medical treatment, removing a tooth or
treating the eyes, etc., if there is no woman who can do that, then it
is permissible for a non-mahram to do that because it is the case of
necessity.
Tarh al-Tathreeb, 7/45, 46
4 – The Hanbali madhhab
Ibn Muflih said:
Abu ‘Abd-Allaah – i.e., Imam Ahmad – was asked about a man who shakes
hands with a woman. He said, No, and was emphatic that it is haraam. I
said, Should he shake hands with her from beneath his garment? He said,
No.
Shaykh Taqiy al-Deen also favoured the view that it is prohibited,
and gave the reason that touching is more serious than looking.
AlAdaab al-Shar’iyyah, 2/257
And Allaah knows best.
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